Understanding PIPEDA: Privacy Regulations in Canada from the Office of the Privacy Commissioner

Discover the essentials of Canada's PIPEDA law—learn its scope, compliance criteria, and the implications of non-compliance. This article explains the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, helping organizations navigate the requirements to protect individuals' privacy rights.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of Canada's PIPEDA, including its scope, requirements, exceptions, enforcement, and penalties. This article is intended to be a helpful resource for organizations seeking to comply with PIPEDA and protect the privacy of individuals whose personal information they collect, use, or disclose.

The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) is a federal law in Canada that governs the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information by organizations in the course of commercial activities. The law applies to organizations in all sectors, including private sector organizations, non-profit organizations, and federal government organizations that collect, use, or disclose personal information in the course of commercial activities.

Compliance with PIPEDA is important for organizations as it helps to protect the privacy rights of individuals and maintain their trust in organizations that collect and use their personal information. Failure to comply with PIPEDA can result in penalties and damage to an organization's reputation.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of PIPEDA, including its scope, requirements, exceptions, enforcement, and penalties. This article is intended to be a helpful resource for organizations seeking to comply with PIPEDA and protect the privacy of individuals whose personal information they collect, use, or disclose.

What is PIPEDA?

The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) is a federal privacy act that regulates how private-sector organizations handle personal information during commercial activities. The goal of PIPEDA is to balance the privacy rights of individuals with the legitimate needs of organizations to collect, use, and disclose personal information for reasonable purposes. PIPEDA applies to all private-sector organizations that collect, use, or disclose personal information during commercial activities, with the exception of those in Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia, which have their own private sector privacy laws that are substantially similar to PIPEDA.

The fair information principles of PIPEDA are the foundation for the law's approach to privacy protection. These principles are based on ten internationally recognized principles for the protection of personal data, including accountability, transparency, and consent. PIPEDA requires organizations to be accountable for the personal information they collect, use, and disclose and to take appropriate measures to safeguard this information. It also requires organizations to be transparent about their privacy policies and practices and to obtain the consent of individuals before collecting, using, or disclosing their personal information.

Overall, PIPEDA provides a comprehensive framework for protecting personal information in the course of commercial activities. By following the fair information principles and guidelines for PIPEDA compliance, organizations can ensure that they are protecting the privacy rights of Canadians while still being able to carry out their legitimate business activities.

What are the 10 principles of PIPEDA?

The PIPEDA compliance standards comprise ten principles that organizations are required to adhere to. These standards are objective in nature and serve as guidelines to assist businesses in meeting regulatory PIPEDA compliance requirements.

1. Accountability: Organizations are responsible for the personal information under their control and must designate an individual or individuals who are accountable for ensuring compliance with the principles.
2. Identifying purposes: Organizations must identify the purposes for collecting personal information at or before the time the information is collected.
3. Consent: Individuals must be informed of the purposes for which their personal information is being collected, and consent must be obtained before or at the time of collection.
4. Limiting data collection: Organizations must limit the collection of personal information to that which is necessary for the purposes identified and must collect information by fair and lawful means.
5. Limiting use, disclosure, and retention: Organizations must use or disclose personal information only for the purposes for which it was collected, unless the individual has consented to another use or disclosure, or when required by law. They must retain personal information only as long as necessary for the identified purposes.
6. Accuracy: Organizations must keep personal information as accurate, complete, and up-to-date as necessary for the purposes for which it is to be used.
7. Safeguards: Organizations must protect personal information against unauthorized access, disclosure, copying, use, or modification through appropriate security measures.
8. Openness: Organizations must be open about their policies and practices regarding the management of personal information and must make this information readily available to individuals.
9. Individual access: Upon request, individuals must be informed of the existence, use, and disclosure of their personal information and must be given access to that information. They must also be able to challenge the accuracy and completeness of the information and have it amended as appropriate.
10. Challenging compliance: Individuals must be able to challenge an organization's compliance with the principles of PIPEDA, and the organization must have procedures in place to address such challenges.

The guidelines described above constitute the PIPEDA framework, which applies to all companies in Canada as well as international organizations operating within the country. The only exception to this rule is businesses that are subject to compliance standards mandated by other Canadian provinces.

Accountability

The accountability principle under PIPEDA requires businesses to designate at least one individual whose responsibility is to ensure compliance with this data privacy law.

The designated individual responsible for PIPEDA compliance should create a simple and easily understandable privacy notice that outlines the ten crucial principles. They may also be responsible for responding to access requests, assisting in conducting data security audits, and other related tasks.

It is important to ensure that your PIPEDA compliance appointee is qualified and adequately supported to fulfill their duties.

Identifying Purposes

Regarding this principle, Canada's PIPEDA requires you to clearly define and communicate the reasons why you are collecting a specific type of data. The purpose of this requirement is to ensure that you:

1. Inform individuals about why their information is being collected.
2. Take necessary measures to avoid using the collected data for purposes other than those specified.
3. Notify consumers if the collected information will be used for a new purpose, allowing you to seek fresh consent to use the data for that purpose.

Consent

If you are a data controller subject to Canada's PIPEDA, you are obligated to seek implied or explicit consent, depending on the circumstances. The consent has to be meaningful. In some cases, implied consent is considered meaningful, while in other cases, only express consent is considered meaningful.

It is important to ensure that your data subjects are fully aware of what giving consent means and that they do not feel coerced or deceived into giving consent. This includes informing them about any potential risks or significant harm that may arise from the collection, use, or disclosure of their personal information.

Additionally, you need to keep records of instances where you do not deem user consent necessary, especially when there may be a risk of significant harm or when dealing with sensitive personal health information.

Limiting Collection

It is essential to review your processes for the collection of personal information to differentiate between information that is absolutely necessary to collect and information that you do not need to collect.

This distinction is important because the fourth principle of Canada's PIPEDA requires your business to only collect information that is strictly necessary and consistent with the purposes for which your users have given consent. This includes being mindful of collecting sensitive personal health information and ensuring that its collection is justified and appropriate for the intended purposes.

Limiting Use, Disclosure, and Retention

To achieve compliance with Canada PIPEDA, you need to create policies and guidelines, which guarantee that you utilize consumer information for reasons that are in line with what your users consented to.

Similarly, you need to institute policies concerning the duration you intend to retain this data. Ideally, the duration should not exceed the time necessary period to execute the stated purposes of collection.

Conversely, if you employ this data to draw conclusions about a user, you are required to retain this information for a period considered enough to allow the user in question to review this information.

Accuracy

According to this principle, you are expected to ensure that all the personal information you collect is precise, complete, and updated as required for the stated purpose.

Compliance with Canada PIPEDA requirements in line with this principle is dependent on how you utilize the information you collect.

Ideally, you need to ensure the information you use to make inferences about users is updated to minimize the risk of making decisions about individuals using inaccurate data.

Safeguards

Considered one of the most crucial principles under Canada's PIPEDA, you need to ensure that the information you collect is safeguarded against unauthorized access, theft, copying, or modification.

It is important to note that the security of user information is essential even when you are disposing of records.

The level of protection should be proportionate to the sensitivity of the information you collect. Your data protection measures can include physical access barriers, such as passwords, organizational measures, such as granting access to specific staff members, or technological approaches, such as encryption.

Openness

This principle requires you to ensure that you inform users about how you gather, process, and store their data. You should provide information about your personal data policies and processes in your privacy policy.

Additionally, you need to include the name and contact information of the individual you have appointed to facilitate compliance with PIPEDA.

Furthermore, you are required to provide users with information on how they can access the data you have collected about them and how you share it.

Individual Access

If an individual submits a written request regarding their personal data, you must respond by providing information about whether you have collected data about them, the type of data collected, how it has been used, and the third parties who have had access to it.

Furthermore, this PIPEDA principle requires you to allow individuals to determine whether the data you hold about them is inaccurate or incomplete. If they identify inaccuracies or incompleteness, you must allow them to correct or update the information.

Essentially, you are required to provide a complete response within 30 days of receiving the initial request.

Challenging Compliance

The tenth principle of Canada's PIPEDA requires you to establish procedures for receiving, reviewing, and addressing complaints of non-compliance.

Typically, you are expected to investigate the complaint and take necessary actions if you find the complaint to be valid. This may involve modifying your policies or processes.

Next, you need to inform the complainant about the actions taken and provide information on the steps they can take if they are not satisfied with your response to the complaint.

It is important to provide information to consumers on how they can challenge compliance with the privacy policy.

Do I need to comply with the PIPEDA principles?

Determining whether your business needs to comply with the PIPEDA principles depends on several factors, and it's crucial to seek legal advice for a definitive answer, especially considering the potential updates anticipated in 2024. However, here's a general overview based on current regulations:

You likely need to comply with PIPEDA if:

• You operate a private-sector organization within Canada.
• Your business collects, uses, or discloses personal information (names, addresses, phone numbers, etc.) in the course of commercial activities.

You likely don't need to comply with PIPEDA if:

• Your organization is non-profit or primarily engages in non-commercial activities.
• Your business is based outside of Canada.
• You don't collect, use, or disclose personal information.

However, even if PIPEDA doesn't directly apply to your business, it's recommended to follow its principles as best practices to demonstrate responsible data handling and build trust with customers.

Nevertheless, based on general case law, it can be inferred that Canada's data protection law extends to foreign organizations that possess a genuine and significant connection to the country.

According to Section 4 of PIPEDA, it applies to personal information that:

• Any organization collects, uses, or discloses for commercial purposes, or
• Identifies an employee or job applicant.

It explicitly does not apply to:

• Government institutions
• Personal information collected, used, or disclosed for personal or domestic purposes, and
• Personal information collected, used, or disclosed for journalistic, artistic, or literary purposes.

The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) has determined that PIPEDA applies to foreign businesses when they handle the personal information of Canadians.

For example, in the 411Numbers case, the OPC concluded that PIPEDA is applicable to a business that has a genuine and significant connection to Canada. This connection could be based on factors such as whether the business processes the personal data of Canadians, whether its privacy practices could affect Canadians, whether they promote its products and services in Canada, and similar considerations.

Who does PIPEDA apply to?

PIPEDA applies to the following:

• All private-sector organizations that collect, use, or disclose personal information during commercial activities, including businesses, non-profit organizations, and charities, with the exception of those in Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia.
• Federally regulated organizations, such as banks, airlines, and telecommunications companies, regardless of where they are located in Canada.
• Inter-provincial providers of goods and services, such as online retailers, and transportation companies that operate in more than one province.
• Government organizations, such as federal government agencies, but only with respect to their commercial activities.

It is worth noting that PIPEDA does not apply to government organizations when they are carrying out their public functions, such as law enforcement or national security. In summary, PIPEDA applies to a wide range of organizations that collect, use, or disclose personal information during commercial activities, with the exception of those in Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia that have their own private sector privacy laws. By following the guidelines for PIPEDA compliance, organizations can ensure that they are protecting the privacy rights of Canadians while still being able to carry out their business activities.

What is personal information under PIPEDA?

Personal information is defined broadly under PIPEDA as any information about an identifiable individual, such as their name, address, email, phone number, date of birth, social insurance number, driver's license, or blood type. PIPEDA also includes sensitive data, such as an individual's ethnic origin, social status, and personal health information.

Under PIPEDA, organizations are required to obtain an individual's consent before collecting, using, or disclosing their personal information, except in certain circumstances, such as when the information is required by law or in an emergency. Organizations must also limit the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information to what is necessary for their stated purposes and must ensure that the information is accurate, complete, and up-to-date.

Additionally, PIPEDA requires organizations to have appropriate safeguards in place to protect personal information against unauthorized access, disclosure, or retention. This includes physical, organizational, and technological security measures, such as secure storage facilities, access controls, and encryption.

Finally, individuals have the right to access their personal information held by an organization and to request that any inaccuracies be corrected. They also have the right to file a complaint with the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) if they believe that their privacy rights have been violated. In cases of a data breach, organizations are required to notify affected individuals and the OPC, and may face disciplinary actions if they are found to be non-compliant with PIPEDA.

In comparison to the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), PIPEDA provides similar protections for personal information, but is generally considered to be less strict in its requirements. However, as data privacy continues to be a significant privacy issue for Canadians, the OPC continues to monitor PIPEDA compliance and make recommendations for improvements to privacy legislation.

Scope of PIPEDA

Under PIPEDA, all organizations that collect, use, or disclose personal information in the course of commercial activities are required to comply with the law. This includes private sector organizations, non-profit organizations, and federal government organizations that engage in commercial activities.

PIPEDA applies to personal information, which is broadly defined as any information about an identifiable individual. This includes information such as name, address, email address, phone number, date of birth, social insurance number, financial information, and medical information.

However, PIPEDA does not apply to all personal information or all organizations. There are several exemptions to PIPEDA, including for organizations that operate solely within a province or territory with its own substantially similar privacy legislation, organizations that collect, use, or disclose personal information for journalistic, artistic, or literary purposes, and employee personal information used for employment purposes.

It is important for organizations to determine whether they are subject to PIPEDA and, if so, to ensure they comply with the requirements of the law. Failure to comply with PIPEDA can result in penalties, damage to an organization's reputation, and loss of consumer trust.

Provincial laws and compliance with PIPEDA

While PIPEDA is a federal privacy act that applies across Canada, some provinces have their own privacy laws that govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information by organizations within their jurisdiction. These laws may be similar to PIPEDA or may have different requirements.

Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta are examples of provinces that have their own private-sector privacy laws. Organizations that operate solely within these provinces may be subject to the provincial laws instead of PIPEDA. However, if an organization operates in multiple provinces or territories, it may still need to comply with PIPEDA.

In Ontario, while PIPEDA applies to most private-sector organizations, the province also has its own privacy legislation, the Personal Health Information Protection Act, which applies to personal health information collected, used, or disclosed by health information custodians in the province

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador do not have private-sector privacy laws, but have adopted substantially similar legislation regarding the collection, use and disclosure of personal health information. Organizations in these provinces must still comply with PIPEDA.

The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) is responsible for overseeing compliance with PIPEDA and ensuring that individuals' privacy rights are protected. The OPC investigates complaints about privacy issues and has the power to take enforcement action against organizations that violate PIPEDA.

Under PIPEDA, individuals have the right to access their personal information held by an organization and to request that it be corrected if it is inaccurate. Organizations must also limit the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information to only what is necessary for the purposes identified, and must protect personal information with appropriate security measures. Organizations must obtain meaningful consent of the individual before collecting, using, or disclosing personal information, and must retain personal information only as long as necessary.

Federally-regulated organizations, such as banks, telecommunications providers, and airlines, are subject to PIPEDA and may also be subject to additional regulations. The GDPR, or General Data Protection Regulation, is a privacy law that applies to organizations in the European Union, as well as to some organizations outside the EU that collect or process the personal data of individuals in the EU.

To ensure an organization's compliance with PIPEDA, it may appoint a privacy officer to oversee the organization's privacy practices and ensure that they are in line with PIPEDA and other applicable privacy laws. Organizations should also regularly review their privacy policies and practices to ensure that they are up-to-date and in compliance with the law. By doing so, organizations can protect the privacy and personal data of individuals and avoid penalties for non-compliance.

Requirements under PIPEDA

Under the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, organizations must comply with various requirements when collecting, using, and disclosing personal information. These requirements include:

1. Obtaining Consent: Before an organization collects, uses, or discloses an individual's personal information, they must obtain meaningful consent from the individual. The individual must also be informed of the purpose for which their information is being collected, used, or disclosed.
2. Limiting Use, Collection, and Disclosure: Organizations must limit the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information to only that which is necessary for the identified purposes. Any new purposes for which the information will be used must also require consent.
3. Ensuring Accuracy: Organizations must take reasonable steps to ensure that personal information is accurate, complete, and up-to-date.
4. Retention: Organizations must only retain personal information for as long as necessary to fulfill the identified purposes.
5. Safeguarding Personal Information: Organizations must implement appropriate security safeguards, such as physical, organizational, and technological measures, to protect personal information from unauthorized access.
6. Providing Access: Upon request, organizations must inform individuals about the existence, use, and disclosure of their personal information and provide them with access to that information.
7. Allowing Individuals to Challenge: Individuals have the right to challenge the accuracy and completeness of their personal information and request that it be amended if necessary.
8. Sensitivity of the Information: Organizations must recognize the sensitivity of certain types of information, such as personal health information, and provide additional protection as required.
9. Responding to Inquiries and Complaints: Organizations must respond to inquiries and complaints about their privacy practices in a timely and appropriate manner.

Failure to comply with these requirements can result in penalties, damage to an organization's reputation, and loss of consumer trust. In severe cases, individuals may take legal action against organizations, and federal courts can order remedies for significant harm caused by unauthorized access to personal information.

Exceptions to PIPEDA requirements

While PIPEDA outlines many requirements that organizations must follow to protect individuals' personal information, there are some exceptions to these requirements. In certain circumstances, personal information can be collected, used, or disclosed without the individual's consent.

• Personal information collected, used, or disclosed for journalistic, artistic, or literary purposes.
• Personal information collected, used, or disclosed for purposes related to national security, defense, or public safety.
• Personal information collected from an individual as part of their employment application or employment relationship.
• Medical information and financial information may be subject to additional regulations or exemptions under other legislation.

It is important for organizations to note that these exceptions are not absolute, and they must still ensure that they are taking appropriate measures to safeguard the personal information and only collecting, using, or disclosing personal information to the extent necessary to achieve the specified purpose.

Organizations should also be aware that certain types of personal information may be subject to special considerations and exemptions under PIPEDA. For example, the collection, use, or disclosure of sensitive personal information, such as medical or financial information, may be subject to additional requirements and restrictions.

In addition, organizations must ensure that they are complying with any applicable provincial laws related to personal information protection. Provinces such as Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta have their own private-sector privacy laws, which may have different requirements and exemptions than PIPEDA.

Enforcement and penalties

The Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) is responsible for enforcing PIPEDA and ensuring that organizations comply with its requirements. The Commissioner has the power to investigate complaints made by individuals or conduct investigations on its own initiative. In addition, the Commissioner can make recommendations to organizations and issue orders to ensure compliance with PIPEDA.

Failure to comply with PIPEDA can result in significant penalties for organizations. For example, organizations that violate PIPEDA can be subject to fines of up to $100,000 CAD for each violation. In addition, individuals affected by a violation of PIPEDA may also be entitled to damages for any harm suffered as a result of the violation.

There have been numerous examples of organizations penalized for non-compliance with PIPEDA. In one high-profile case, a major Canadian telecommunications company was fined $100,000 CAD after the Privacy Commissioner found that it had failed to adequately protect the personal information of its customers.

It is important for organizations to take PIPEDA compliance seriously in order to avoid penalties and maintain the trust of their customers. Organizations should establish clear policies and procedures for protecting personal information, ensure that employees are trained on PIPEDA requirements, and regularly review and update their privacy practices to ensure compliance with any changes to the law.

How does PIPEDA compare to other data protection laws worldwide?

PIPEDA is a comprehensive law on the protection of personal information. When compared to other data privacy laws worldwide, it shares both similarities and differences with them.

In the global landscape, there are two general trends in data protection: one set by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union and the other set by the few US state laws we have so far, most notably the California CCPA.

In terms of individual consent requirements, PIPEDA leans more toward the GDPR. It doesn't mandate explicit consent in every single case, but the majority of online interactions with users would still require some form of consent.

This sets it apart from the opt-out framework present in the CCPA, but they do share a similarity in terms of applicability. PIPEDA applies only to the collection, use, or disclosure of personal information in the course of commercial activities. This means that if the data has not been collected as part of a commercial activity, it does not fall under the scope of PIPEDA.

Are there any other data privacy laws in Canada?

Beyond PIPEDA, various data privacy laws and regulations shape the Canadian legal landscape. Here's a breakdown of the key ones:

Provincial Data Privacy Laws:

• Alberta: Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) (enacted in 2004)
• British Columbia: Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) (enacted in 2000)
• Quebec: Privacy Legislation Modernization Act (Law 25) (enacted in 2022)

These provincial laws are largely similar to PIPEDA in their core principles but can have key differences in areas like consent requirements and enforcement mechanisms.

These provincial laws are similar to PIPEDA but may have stricter requirements. For example, Quebec's law might require more specific and informed consent compared to PIPEDA. Each province also has its own enforcement mechanisms for its privacy law.

Other Relevant Legislation:

• Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA) (enacted in 1983): This federal law governs how public bodies handle personal information.
• Provincial and territorial health information privacy legislation: Each province and territory has specific legislation protecting personal health information (PHI).
• Sector-specific regulations: Some industries like telecommunications, financial services, and healthcare might have additional privacy regulations beyond these mentioned above.
• Common law privacy principles: These principles, though not codified in legislation, can be applied by courts in certain situations.

How Secure Privacy can help with PIPEDA compliance

If you have any doubts about whether PIPEDA applies to your organization, we recommend consulting our comprehensive compliance guide (updated for 2024) to learn more about Canada's PIPEDA and ensure that your business meets its data protection obligations. You can also explore how to have a PIPEDA-compliant cookie banner.

Alternatively, you can book a call today and speak to a data protection expert.