The rise of connected vehicles has transformed cars into data-generating machines, collecting terabytes of information on driving behavior, location, biometrics, and vehicle performance.

As of 2025, the question of who owns this data—manufacturers, drivers, or third parties—has become a critical battleground for privacy, innovation, and regulatory compliance.

This analysis dissects the complexities of smart vehicle data ownership through legal, technical, and business lenses.

The rules governing vehicle data are evolving rapidly, with several significant developments reshaping ownership rights and access controls.

EU Data Act (Effective September 2025)

The EU has taken a bold step with its Data Act, which fundamentally alters the vehicle data ecosystem. The key mandate grants vehicle owners control over data generated by their cars, requiring automakers to share this information with third parties (such as repair shops or insurance applications) under fair, transparent conditions.

This legislation effectively ends automakers' monopolies over vehicle data ecosystems, enabling standardized access for developers through common interfaces. The practical impact is substantial—a driver can now share real-time battery data with a third-party EV charging app without manufacturer interference or permission.

This represents a seismic shift in the balance of power, moving control from manufacturers to consumers in ways that will reshape the entire connected vehicle landscape.

GDPR & CCPA/CPRA

Existing privacy frameworks have significant implications for vehicle data:

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) treats vehicle data as personal information if linked to individuals, including location data and driving patterns. This classification requires explicit consent for processing and creates strict limitations on data usage.

California's Consumer Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) classifies precise geolocation and biometric data as "sensitive," mandating opt-out rights and disclosure of data sales. This has particular relevance for advanced driver assistance systems that collect biometric data through cabin cameras.

Recent enforcement actions highlight the regulatory seriousness—a major American manufacturer received a $20 million fine from the Federal Trade Commission for selling telematics data (including speeding habits) to insurers without driver consent. This precedent signals that regulators view vehicle data monetization with increasing scrutiny.

Emerging Frameworks

Beyond the EU and US, new regulations are emerging globally:

Saudi Arabia's Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) requires explicit consent for data collection in smart cities like Neom, balancing the nation's Vision 2030 technology goals with privacy protection.

India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) mandates localization of critical vehicle data, affecting global automotive manufacturers operating in this rapidly growing market.

These developments create a complex global patchwork of requirements that manufacturers and service providers must navigate carefully.

Ownership Challenges

The question of who ultimately owns and controls vehicle data remains contested despite regulatory changes.

Legal Ambiguity

Current reality differs significantly from public perception regarding data ownership. Most car purchase contracts grant manufacturers ownership of vehicle data, not drivers—creating a disconnect between consumer expectations and legal reality.

This gap is substantial—76% of EU drivers mistakenly believe they own their car data, according to a 2025 industry report. This misalignment between belief and reality creates both challenges and opportunities for stakeholders across the ecosystem.

Technical Barriers

Fragmented APIs represent a significant obstacle to democratizing vehicle data access. Major automakers use proprietary data formats, hindering third-party access and innovation.

Security risks also complicate the picture. Open data ecosystems require quantum-safe encryption to prevent breaches of sensitive metrics like biometric cabin camera feeds. As vehicles collect increasingly intimate data, the security stakes continue to rise.

Monetization Conflicts

Data monetization has become a significant revenue stream for manufacturers. One major American automaker generated $2 billion annually selling driver data until regulatory intervention forced changes to their practices.

This monetization often occurs without consumer knowledge or benefit, creating friction between business models and consumer expectations. Industry research shows that 63% of drivers oppose data monetization without revenue sharing, indicating a clear preference for more equitable arrangements.

Business Impact

The shifting landscape of vehicle data ownership has profound implications for business models across the automotive ecosystem.

Automaker Strategies

Compliance with new regulations comes with substantial costs. One European manufacturer estimates €300 million to overhaul their data infrastructure for EU Data Act compliance, highlighting the magnitude of required changes.

However, forward-thinking automakers are developing new revenue streams that align with evolving regulations. Some now offer "Data Share" subscription services, allowing drivers to sell anonymized autopilot data to mapping services in exchange for subscription discounts or direct payments.

Third-Party Innovation

The opening of vehicle data access is fueling a new wave of innovation. Connected car applications enable enhanced features like optimized EV charging that can access battery data directly, reducing charging time by up to 22% through intelligent scheduling.

This innovation is driving substantial market growth, with connected car app usage rising 56% in 2024, primarily in insurance telematics and predictive maintenance tools. As data access barriers fall, this ecosystem continues to expand with new services and capabilities.

Consumer Empowerment

New regulations strengthen consumer rights regarding their vehicle data. The CPRA requires automakers to erase geolocation data upon request—a significant technical challenge for legacy systems not designed with deletion capabilities.

Data portability is also improving, with some manufacturers' 2025 updates allowing drivers to export service histories to independent mechanics via blockchain. This capability reduces dependency on dealership service centers and empowers consumers to choose more affordable repair options.

Technical Considerations

Implementing data ownership changes requires addressing several critical technical challenges.

Data Standardization

The fragmentation of vehicle data formats has been a persistent obstacle to innovation and interoperability. The EU-mandated Vehicle Data Lake Format (VDLF) represents a significant step toward standardization, creating a common language for vehicle data across manufacturers and service providers.

Major automotive alliances have committed to VDLF adoption by 2026, potentially resolving long-standing compatibility issues. This standardization will reduce development costs for third-party applications and enable more seamless experiences for consumers across different vehicle brands.

Security Frameworks

As vehicles collect increasingly sensitive information, security requirements continue to evolve. Post-quantum encryption using NIST CRYSTALS-Kyber algorithms has become essential for protecting high-risk data like cabin camera feeds and biometric authentication information.

These advanced security measures ensure that today's vehicle data remains protected even as quantum computing advances threaten traditional encryption methods. The long lifecycle of vehicles makes future-proof security particularly important in this sector.

Access Control

Sophisticated access management is crucial for implementing granular data sharing while maintaining security. OAuth 2.0 combined with biometric authentication provides a robust framework for controlling who can access specific vehicle data elements.

Several manufacturers have implemented "Data Vault" systems for sharing repair logs and service information with authorized third parties while maintaining security and privacy. These systems give vehicle owners precise control over what information is shared and with whom.

Case Studies

Examining real-world examples provides valuable insights into how these changes are playing out in practice.

FTC vs. Major Automaker (2025)

A landmark enforcement action in 2025 dramatically changed industry practices around vehicle data. The Federal Trade Commission brought action against a leading American manufacturer for selling driver data to insurance companies without proper consent.

The outcome included a 20-year audit requirement and a $20 million fine, sending a clear message about regulatory expectations. The impact rippled throughout the industry, with 89% of U.S. automakers subsequently implementing granular opt-out systems for data sharing.

This case demonstrated that regulators are willing to take significant action against improper data monetization, establishing important precedents for the entire industry.

API Standardization Initiative

An industry-wide standardization effort has created unified access to vehicle data across 45+ car models. This initiative enables developers to create applications that work consistently across different vehicle brands rather than requiring custom integrations for each manufacturer.

The result has been explosive growth in the third-party application ecosystem, with 300+ new applications developed in 2024 alone. These range from usage-based insurance to carbon footprint trackers, demonstrating the innovation potential when data access barriers are removed.

Future Trends

Several emerging technologies and approaches will likely shape the future of vehicle data ownership.

Blockchain-Based Ownership Tracking

Self-sovereign identity systems like the EU Digital Wallet are enabling drivers to license their data directly to applications, bypassing manufacturer control entirely. This approach gives vehicle owners true ownership and control over their information.

Pilot programs have demonstrated the viability of "Data Marketplaces" that pay drivers in cryptocurrency for sharing traffic pattern data. These systems create direct economic relationships between data generators (drivers) and data consumers (service providers), potentially transforming the economics of vehicle data.

AI-Driven Consent Management

The complexity of vehicle data privacy is driving innovation in consent management technologies. Large language models are being used to auto-generate localized privacy policies and handle deletion requests, making compliance more manageable for both manufacturers and service providers.

These AI systems can interpret complex regulatory requirements across jurisdictions and implement appropriate policies automatically, reducing compliance costs while improving user experiences.

Global Standards

By 2026, the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 24089 is expected to unify vehicle data formats across EU, U.S., and APAC markets. This global standard will significantly reduce the fragmentation that has hindered cross-border services and applications.

As these standards gain adoption, the connected vehicle ecosystem will become increasingly borderless, with applications and services working consistently across regional markets.

Recommendations

Different stakeholders should consider specific strategies to navigate this evolving landscape effectively.

For Automakers

Invest in interoperable APIs and comprehensive audit trails to ensure GDPR/CPRA compliance. These technical foundations will enable both regulatory compliance and business model innovation.

Develop revenue-sharing models to retain customer trust while monetizing vehicle data. The most successful approaches will create win-win arrangements that benefit both manufacturers and vehicle owners.

For Developers

Utilize standardized platforms to bypass manufacturer fragmentation and create applications that work across multiple vehicle brands. This approach maximizes market reach while minimizing development complexity.

Prioritize privacy-by-design principles in connected car applications to ensure compliance with evolving regulations and build user trust. Applications that respect privacy while delivering value will gain competitive advantages.

For Consumers

Review vehicle purchase agreements carefully for data clauses that may affect your privacy rights. Understanding these provisions before purchase can prevent surprises later.

Utilize specialized tools to scrub personal data before selling vehicles to prevent unauthorized access to your information by subsequent owners. This precaution is especially important as vehicles store increasingly sensitive personal data.

The Road Ahead

Smart vehicle data ownership is shifting decisively from manufacturers to users, driven by regulations like the EU Data Act. While automakers face significant upfront costs, those embracing transparency and interoperability will lead the $800 billion connected car market—which analysts estimate will double by 2030.

For consumers, the era of "data-as-a-right" is just beginning. As vehicles become more connected and autonomous, the value and sensitivity of the data they generate will only increase. The legal, technical, and business frameworks established now will shape this ecosystem for decades to come.

Organizations that proactively address these changes—rather than resisting them—will find new opportunities for innovation, customer engagement, and value creation in the increasingly data-centric automotive landscape.